The mercantile firm of Leger & Greenwood operated in late colonial-era Charleston, trading in a wide variety of goods, including cloth, clothing, tools, wine, seed, tea, spices, candles, and household items. Their primary source of supply was the London firm of Greenwood & Higginson, but they also maintained contacts in New York, Rhode Island, and Manchester (through London), and were willing to use other Charleston merchants when necessary to supply their regular customers. For preferred clientele, they often arranged special import orders for luxury goods such as fine furniture, architectural stone work (marble hearths, chimney pieces, marble tombstones), and guns, and in one case, they even shipped an entire pre-fabricated house to Grenada. The firm also occasionally sold slaves on a consignment basis. Anxious to reap the financial rewards of this lucrative trade, and feeling themselves at an economic disadvantage to those merchants who already did, Leger & Greenwood would have become more extensively involved in human cargo if they had not lacked the capital and the backing of their London connections.

Typical of South Carolinian mercantile firms of the period, the primary media of exchange for Leger & Greenwood were rice and, to a lesser extent, indigo, and they also dabbled variously in tobacco, hemp, pitch, deer skins, and "pink root" (an herb used to kill intestinal parasitic worms) when a favorable opportunity arose. Local planters consigned their rice and indigo directly to Leger & Greenwood in Charleston, or, increasingly after 1770, consigned their crops indirectly through George Croft & Co. of Georgetown, S.C., which was located closer to the point of production. The major rice markets exploited by Leger & Greenwood were London, Lisbon, and Grenada, with less extensive trading to Bermuda, Glasgow, Manchester, Rhode Island, and Philadelphia. Indigo was shipped almost exclusively to London. In turn, Greenwood & Higginson supplied the majority of goods imported by Leger & Greenwood, and in the largely barter-based Charlestonian economy, these goods were then used to pay planters for their crops. Payments for rice shipped to Portugal or Grenada were usually sent directly or indirectly to Greenwood & Higginson to pay for dry goods already shipped.

Specialists in the Carolina trade, John Beswicke Greenwood & William Higginson had been founded in 1744 by John Beswicke, who had formerly been a merchant in Charleston, and had been taken over by his namesake and descendent, Greenwood. Though William Greenwood and John Beswicke Greenwood were related, they appear not to have been particularly close. From cordial beginnings, their relationship descended into bitterness by the summer of 1773, and remained strained until the Revolution destroyed the Carolina trade altogether. Greenwood & Higginson complained of being hard pressed for cash and made it clear that Leger & Greenwood had overextended their credit. Further, they insisted that the connection with George Croft & Co. limited Leger & Greenwood's ability to pay off their debts, despite the Carolinians' insistence that Croft was a vital link in their ability to compete with other merchants in the colonies. For their part, Leger & Greenwood complained that overly restrictive credit policies denied them the ability to expand their business, and they were particularly resentful of being unable to venture more deeply into the slave trade. Relations between the firms bottomed out when, at Leger & Greenwood's request, the London firm obtained a tea contract with the East India Company in 1773, at the height of the furor over the tea tax. On December 2nd, a crowd gathered at the port to greet the arrival of the firm's ship, London, with its cargo of 257 chests of tea, and angrily demanded that the firm reject delivery. To their, Leger & Greenwood reluctantly agreed.

Little is known about the life of Peter Leger, senior partner of Leger & Greenwood, other than that his previous firm, Peter Leger & Co., had dissolved in late 1770 and that he established his partnership with Greenwood early in 1771. William Greenwood, however, is much better documented. A native of England, he settled in Charleston in 1767, and soon acquired substantial property holdings, including his own wharf and warehouses, a tenement, a half-share in a 650 acre plantation on the Congaree River and one-third in a 1,000 acre plantation on the Santee. Among his other holdings, scattered widely across the colony, were over 5,200 acres of land and approximately 30 slaves. Neither partner was particularly warm in sympathy for the revolutionary movement, though at times, as during the Charleston Tea Party of 1773, they "supported" the cause under duress. Leger managed to survive the Revolutionary turmoil by sitting the fence, never firmly identifying himself with either side.
As a result, he was able to stay in Charleston throughout the war, remaining there until his death some time before 1788. At first, Greenwood, too, waffled, but unlike his partner, he eventually cast his lot with the Tories. Although he had taken an American loyalty oath in 1778 and served as a captain during the campaign against Savannah, he later accepted a commission as major in the Loyalist South Carolina Militia during the occupation of Charleston, and from that point forward, was decided in his commitment.

Not surprisingly, the firm of Leger & Greenwood failed to survive the Revolution, dissolving sometime after 1778. While there is little direct evidence for why it dissolved, it seems clear that economic disruption and divided loyalties may have contributed. Ultimately, the firm's assets were confiscated by the Americans, as were the American assets of Greenwood & Higginson, and the assets of Leger & Greenwood's clerk, Edward Legge, and the firm of Greenwood & Legge.

With the victory of American forces in 1782, William Greenwood fled South Carolina, returning only once after 1784 in an unsuccessful attempt to recover his property. In 1788, his nephew in London, Abram Greenwood, traveled to Charleston to make a second, unsuccessful effort to recover the family assets and collect the debts still owed his uncle. At home in England, William's request for £49,604 in compensation was disallowed for want of proof, but he was permitted an annual pension of £120. He died, presumably in England, on June 30, 1822.

Scope and contents:

The Leger & Greenwood Letterbook is divided into two sections, each containing copies of outgoing correspondence. The first includes 279 letters written by members of the firm of Leger & Greenwood, 1770-75, and the second is comprised of 53 letters written in 1788 during the time that Abram Greenwood was in Charleston to settle the company's affairs.

First Half: Leger & Greenwood, 1770-1775

The first section of the letterbook(pp. 1-194) documents several matters of importance for historians of the history of commerce in late colonial South Carolina. The firm's correspondence, though outgoing only, provides an important perspective on rice and indigo production and marketing in the years immediately preceding the American Revolution, 1770-75, and it presents a fairly detailed depiction of trade networks, protocols, and the mechanics of trade. Leger & Greenwood were also major importers of British goods, and their willingness to supply luxury goods has resulted in a fascinating portrait of the tastes of wealthy Charlestonians, as well as the sources for supplying those tastes.

More generally, the Leger & Greenwood letterbook documents the tensions building within the trans-Atlantic mercantile community during the pre-Revolutionary era. Neither Leger nor Greenwood were particularly far-sighted about the events in which they were embroiled, and at points, they display a disarming naïveté about how things might work out. Clearly, their venture into the tea trade could not have come at a worse time, and the letters describing the Charleston Tea Party provide a view from some very interested participants in the events.

Second Half: Abram Greenwood, 1788

The second half of the letterbook (pp. 196-271) was written entirely in 1788, when Abram Greenwood, William's nephew, traveled to Charleston to collect the remaining debts of the late firm. At the time, William Greenwood, "the surviving member of the firm," was still very much unwelcome in his former home. Somewhat optimistically, the Greenwood family hoped that the adoption of the Constitution might enable them to collect their debts more easily (p. 211).

Where the first half of the book consists almost exclusively of correspondence with foreign suppliers, the second half contains mostly copies of letters sent to local debtors, and letters from Abram to his father and uncle in London, apprising them of his efforts. While in Charleston, word arrived from London that John Beswicke Greenwood had died, and, following an argument with his brother (another William Greenwood), had left his entire estate to Abram. Several thousand miles from the scene, Abram frantically did what he could to secure his legacy, authorizing powers of attorney to his father and uncle to represent his claims against what promised to be a hotly contested probate.

Most of Abram Greenwood's correspondence was occupied, therefore, with the twin concerns of Leger & Greenwood's settlement in South Carolina, and his own anticipated estate battle in England. His letters include a few other incidental, but important, items of interest, such as an outstanding description of Charleston (pp. 213-15) and an account of a slave being beaten and put into irons ( p. 253). Abram's efforts to collect on outstanding bills took him to the South Carolina convention for the ratification of the federal Constitution (pp. 245, 248), on which he provides some sketchy comments.

References:

Gregory Palmer, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution. (Westport, Conn.: Meckler Publishing, 1984), p. 340

Young, Henry. Notes on Loyalists, South Carolina Militia #3706, William L. Clements Library.

Greenwood & Higginson (London)
William & Jacob Walton & Co. (New York and possibly Rhode island), also given as "Waldron"
Joseph Clay
Edward Wilkinson & Co. (Indian trade--South Carolina backcountry?)
George Croft (Georgetown, South Carolina)
John Durand (London, with interests in Grenada)
Phillip Delagal
Anthony Richardson (Grenada)
Edward Masters (ship captain)
John Cooke & De Mages (Vianna, Portugal)
Morely & Ives
Barnabe de Oliveyra Maya & Co. (Villa do Conde)
Gregory Olive
Jose Portugal Cathorda(Vianna, Portugal)
James Roche
John Shortridge & James Kerr (Glasgow, Scotland)
David Geroud (Purisburg, South Carolina)
Peter Simond & Hankey
William McIntosh & Louis Packe
James Gadsen (South Carolina)
Robert & Nathaniel Hyde (Manchester)
William Macintosh (Grenada)
William West (South Carolina)
Joseph Blewer
James Robinson (Rhode Island)
John Taylor
Corr & Barrell
John Easten (Bermuda)
Andrew Irwin (Grenada)
Daniel & Benjamin Ward
Peter Mitchill (Secretary, East India Company)
Stuart Rose (Grenada)
Arthur Holdsworth & Co.
Holdsworth, Olive & Newman (Oporto)
Benjamin Webb
Samuel Wright (ship captain)
John Conyers (ship captain)
John Haig (Aloa, Scotland)
Nathaniel Hyde (Philadelphia)

William Greenwood (d. 1822, uncle of Abram) Timothy Greenwood? (Father) Mrs. Peter Leger (widow of merchant) Thomas Hutchinson, Jr. Mr. Osborne Betsen [Greenwood] (cousin of Abram) Mr. Thompson John Rutledge
Edmund Bellinger
Steven Townsend
William Higginson (London)
Mr. Hopton (Abram's attorney in London)
William Greenwood (brother of John Beswicke Greenwood)
Miss Greenwood (sister of above)
William Pope
John turner (former employee of John Beswicke Greenwood)
Henry Seward
Dr. George Haig (brother of Mrs. Peter Leger)
Hezekiah Maham (South Carolina patriot military troops)
William Godfrey
Joseph Stevens
Wilson Cooke
William Saunders (South Carolina patriot military)

Subject index to the Leger and Greenwood Letterbook

Back to brief guide

Return to:

Homepage	Manuscripts	Collections	Staff	Hours and policies